6. In-place file editing
6. In-place file editing 관련
In the examples presented so far, the output from awk was displayed on the terminal. This chapter will discuss how to write back the changes to the input files using the -i command line option. You can also choose to create backups of the original files.
Info
The example_files directory has all the files used in the examples.
Without backup
The -i option allows you to load libraries (see gawk manual: -i option for details). The inplace library comes by default with the awk installation. Use -i inplace to indicate that you want to modify the original input itself. Use this option with caution, preferably after testing that the code is working as intended.
cat greet.txt
# Hi there
# Have a nice day
# Good bye
prefix line numbers
awk -i inplace '{print NR ". " $0}' greet.txt
cat greet.txt
# 1. Hi there
# 2. Have a nice day
# 3. Good bye
Multiple input files are treated separately and changes are written back to the respective files.
cat f1.txt
# I ate 3 apples
# $ cat f2.txt
# I bought two balls and 3 bats
awk -i inplace '{gsub(/\<3\>/, "three")} 1' f1.txt f2.txt
cat f1.txt
# I ate three apples
# $ cat f2.txt
# I bought two balls and three bats
With backup
You can provide a backup extension by setting the inplace::suffix special variable. For example, if the input file is ip.txt and inplace::suffix='.orig' is used, the backup file will be named as ip.txt.orig.
cat f3.txt
# Name Physics Maths
# Moe 76 82
# Raj 56 64
awk -i inplace -v inplace::suffix='.bkp' -v OFS=, '{$1=$1} 1' f3.txt
cat f3.txt
# Name,Physics,Maths
# Moe,76,82
# Raj,56,64
original file will be preserved in 'f3.txt.bkp'
cat f3.txt.bkp
# Name Physics Maths
# Moe 76 82
# Raj 56 64
Info
In earlier versions of awk, the INPLACE_SUFFIX variable was used instead of inplace::suffix. Also, you can use inplace::enable variable to dynamically control whether files should be in-placed or not. See gawk manual: Enabling In-Place File Editing for more details.
Security implications
By default, when you use the -i inplace option, the awk command will look for a file named inplace or inplace.awk in the current working directory. If such files aren't found, then awk will look for them in the installation directories, which is what you'd usually want.
For secure applications, you shouldn't rely on the -i inplace option. Instead, you could either use the absolute path of the inplace file from the installation directory, or manipulate AWKPATH (environment variable that controls the behavior of searching for files to be loaded) to be restricted to secure paths only. See this unix.stackexchange thread for more details about this issue and workarounds.
Summary
This chapter discussed about the -i inplace option which is useful when you need to edit a file in-place. This is particularly useful in automation scripts. But, do ensure that you have tested the awk command before applying changes to the actual files if you need to use this option without creating backups.
The next chapter will discuss the use of shell variables in more detail.
Exercises
Info
The exercises directory has all the files used in this section.
Exercise 1
For the input file copyright.txt, replace copyright: 2018 with copyright: 2020 and write back the changes to copyright.txt itself. The original contents should get saved to copyright.txt.orig
cat copyright.txt
# bla bla 2015 bla
# blah 2018 blah
# bla bla bla
# copyright: 2018
awk ##### add your solution here
cat copyright.txt
# bla bla 2015 bla
# blah 2018 blah
# bla bla bla
# copyright: 2020
cat copyright.txt.orig
# bla bla 2015 bla
# blah 2018 blah
# bla bla bla
# copyright: 2018
awk -i inplace -v inplace::suffix='.orig' '{sub(/copyright: 2018/, "copyright: 2020")} 1' copyright.txt
cat copyright.txt
# bla bla 2015 bla
# blah 2018 blah
# bla bla bla
# copyright: 2020
cat copyright.txt.orig
# bla bla 2015 bla
# blah 2018 blah
# bla bla bla
# copyright: 2018
Exercise 2
For the input files nums1.txt and nums2.txt, retain only the second and third lines and write back the changes to their respective files. No need to create backups.
cat nums1.txt
# 3.14
# 4201
# 777
# 0323012
cat nums2.txt
# -45.4
# -2
# 54316.12
# 0x231
awk ##### add your solution here
cat nums1.txt
# 4201
# 777
cat nums2.txt
# -2
# 54316.12
awk -i inplace 'FNR==2 || FNR==3' nums1.txt nums2.txt
cat nums1.txt
# 4201
# 777
cat nums2.txt
# -2
# 54316.12
